3. Application of probiotics in agriculture
3.1 Application of probiotics in the breeding industry
The use of probiotics in animal production can help solve problems such as antibiotic use and improper feeding and management. At the same time, it can promote animal growth and improve production performance. Like probiotics used in humans, feeding probiotic products can also play a role in promoting immune regulation and preventing intestinal inflammation. To improve the efficiency of animal production and maintain animal health, it is necessary to continuously provide high-quality feed to animals and maintain good feeding and management levels.
3.1.1 Application of probiotics in livestock and poultry breeding
3.1.1.1 Application of probiotics in pig breeding
The fermentation bed pig-raising method (ecological pig-raising method) is a new feeding method that has emerged in recent years. Its unique feature is the use of fermentation bed technology. The fermentation bed model is on thick bedding (compost) laid in the barn. This is a feeding method in which livestock is raised, excrement and litter are mixed and fermented, and livestock feeding and excrement treatment are completed simultaneously in the barn. The pigs are raised on the fermentation bed, and the feces and urine discharged by the pigs are decomposed and absorbed by microorganisms in the litter promptly. There is no need to flush the pig house, and no feces, urine, and sewage are discharged outward, forming a zero-emission environment with no pollution, no emissions, and no odor. Clean production controls the environmental pollution caused by pig raising from the source to achieve the purpose of environmentally friendly pig raising. The fermentation bed feeding method can effectively degrade and digest livestock manure. The fermentation bed can ensure animal welfare. The goal of animal welfare is to maintain animal happiness. Physical health and psychological well-being are hallmarks of animal welfare. Using fermentation beds to raise pigs has the following advantages.
① Completely solve the environmental pollution caused by pig raising. Because the litter contains special active beneficial microorganisms, it can quickly and effectively degrade and digest pig feces and urine. There is no need to clean and flush the pig pens every day, and no sewage or waste is discharged from the pig farm.
② Reduce diseases and improve pork quality. The fermentation bed pig raising technology restores the natural living habits of pigs for feeding and reduces stress; the pig house is ventilated, the temperature and humidity are suitable for pig growth, the body's disease resistance is enhanced, and the incidence is reduced, especially respiratory diseases and Digestive tract diseases have been significantly reduced compared with the traditional feeding model. Antibiotics and other drugs are not used, which improves the quality of pork.
③Improve feed utilization. Special feed probiotics for fermentation beds are added to the feed in a certain proportion. Through interaction, metabolites, and proteases, amylase, fiberase, etc. are produced. At the same time, oxygen in the intestine is consumed, creating a good environment for the growth and reproduction of lactic acid bacteria. The environment improves the intestinal function of pigs and increases the feed conversion rate.
④ Save labor and cost and improve efficiency. Because the microbial fermentation bed pig farming technology does not require flushing the pig house and removing pig manure every day, it saves a lot of water resources; the incidence of pig diseases is reduced, reducing medical investment; at the same time, automatic feeding and automatic drinking water technologies are adopted to achieve the goal of saving labor. The purpose of the abbreviation.
⑤ Turn waste into treasure. After 3 to 5 years of use, the litter will form bio-organic fertilizer that can be directly used on fruit trees and crops, achieving recycling and turning waste into treasure.
Add Bacillus, yeast, and lactic acid bacteria to the fermentation bed, mix sawdust, corn straw, and peanut shells in a ratio of 3:1:1, add 0.3% bran, 0.3% cornmeal, 0.2% coarse salt, and fermentation based on the total weight of the litter. 2% of the bacterial liquid was used as bedding after sufficient fermentation for more than half a month. Landrace pigs were raised. The weight gain rate of the test group was significantly increased by 4.56% compared with the control group (P<0.01), and the feed-to-weight ratio was significantly reduced by 0.12. Probiotics can significantly improve the weight gain rate and feed utilization rate of pigs raised in fermentation beds. The antibody-positive rate of pigs fed with probiotics was 79.82%, which was extremely significantly higher than that of the control group (60.00%) (P<0.05). Increases antibody levels in circulating blood. Newborn piglets are easily infected by hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and suffer from piglet colibacillosis, which is an acute inflammatory disease of the digestive system. The lesions are mainly in the duodenum. The duration of the disease is generally 1 to 3 days, and the morbidity and mortality rates are generally high. It is very high and has serious harm to pig production. Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus casei, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis can be effectively added to the diet. Maintain the balance of intestinal flora and prevent and treat enteritis. Probiotics can compete with pathogenic bacteria in the intestine for intestinal mucosal surface receptors and intestinal nutrients, forming an effective barrier to resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. However, whether taking probiotic additives is effective for animals also depends on factors such as feeding dosage, bacterial strain type, and genetic background of the animal.
Probiotics also have a preventive and therapeutic effect on allergic diseases in pigs. In 2010, Debra J. Thomas and others used 12 SPF three-way hybrid pigs (Duroc pigs as the male parent, and binary crosses of Yorkshire pigs and Landrace pigs as the female parent). This), Lactobacillus rhamnosus and vanilla pudding are mixed, and the daily intake of bacteria per pig is about 1*1010CFU/kg. Piglets will be gradually weaned on the 21st day after birth and transition to adult pig feed, and will completely consume adult pig feed on the 35th day. The piglets were divided into two groups after reaching 21 days of age. The 6 piglets in the experimental group ate vanilla pudding containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, while the control group ate ordinary vanilla pudding until the end of the 70th day of the experiment. The sensitization process of piglets also started on the 21st day after birth. On the 21st and 35th day, 2 mL of an injection containing 1.0 Ascaris suum allergen with alum as an adjuvant was intramuscularly injected on the 49th day. On day 63, 5 mL of sterile saline containing 1.0 mg of Ascaris suum allergen was sprayed into the lower respiratory tract of the piglets through tracheal intubation. To ensure animal welfare, the animals were anesthetized before tracheal intubation. Test results show that Lactobacillus rhamnosus is effective in alleviating allergic reactions in the skin and lungs of allergic model animals. At the same time, it can also increase the secretion of interferon IFN-r, which is beneficial to inducing Thl responses and can alleviate allergic reactions. Strength of.
3.1.1.2 Application of probiotics in poultry breeding
In poultry production, the use of antibiotics can promote the improvement of animal performance, but excessive use of antibiotics risks inducing the development of drug-resistant strains. Lei Yan et al. found that using a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast compared with adding antibiotics (chlortetracycline), both antibiotics and probiotics can promote the growth of broilers. In terms of the degree of improvement in weight gain, the effect of probiotics is slightly lower than that of adding antibiotics (chlortetracycline). Antibiotics; judging from the degree of improvement in the feed-to-meat ratio, adding 0.05% to 0.2% probiotics is slightly better than antibiotics. The effect of probiotics in the early stage of feeding is greater than that in the later stage. Probiotics can increase the activity of jejunal amylase and lipase, improve intestinal morphology, increase cecal butyric acid content, tend to reduce Escherichia coli in rectal feces, and increase the number of Lactobacillus, improve intestinal flora, improve intestinal Microbial diversity and maintenance of microbial flora stability.
Adding microecological preparations to broiler chicken diets can increase broiler chicken feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion rate. Research results from a large number of experiments show that adding probiotics to feed can improve feed efficiency, increase weight gain, and reduce the mortality of broiler chickens to varying degrees. Feeding Lactobacillus can improve the growth performance and immune organ index of broiler chickens (P<0.05); it can significantly increase the contents of total protein, "a-amylase, cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and other enzymes in the serum of broiler chickens (P <0.05); significantly reduces the glucose content in serum (P<0.05); promotes the development of the spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus. Lactobacillus and Bacillus are the two earliest feeds announced in my country that can be used directly Grade microbial additive strains, many studies have shown that they can improve body metabolism, promote the proliferation of intestinal beneficial bacteria, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and enhance the body's immunity. Research by Li Shupeng and others found that probiotics can significantly increase the weekly weight gain of Hyline egg chicks ( P<0.05). Reduce feed consumption (P<0.05). Reduce feed-to-meat ratio (P<0.05). Bacillus subtilis can significantly increase broiler body weight, daily weight gain, and feed conversion rate, and can significantly reduce 1 ~ Diarrhea rate at 21 days of age, compared with Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus cereus, the effect of reducing mortality and morbidity is more obvious, significantly reducing the number of E. coli in the cecum at 14 days of age and 21 days of age, and promoting 14 days of age. , the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the cecum of 21-day-old and 42-day-old. Bacillus licheniformis group promotes the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum of 21-day and 42-day-old, and Bacillus cereus can promote the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum of 21-day-old. growth. Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis significantly increased the spleen index and thymus index of 21-day-old broiler chickens. When Bacillus cereus was 21 days old, the spleen index and thymus index of broiler chickens were slightly higher than those of the control group, and the differences were not significant.
In the production of laying hens, probiotics also have good applications. Lactic acid bacteria preparations are added to the diet of laying hens. Lactic acid bacteria and other beneficial microorganisms can grow and reproduce in the intestines and produce a variety of enzymes, which are beneficial to degrading the protein in the feed. , fats, and sugars. At the same time, beneficial bacteria can also produce various nutrients in the animal body, such as B vitamins, amino acids, unknown growth-promoting factors, etc., thereby enhancing the nutritional metabolism of the animal body and promoting the growth of the animal. The beneficial bacteria are also involved in the metabolism of bile, and cholesterol During the metabolism and hormone conversion process, the short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid produced by metabolism provide an acidic environment for the digestive tract, which helps digestive enzymes decompose nutrients. Pedroso et al. reported that during the breeding period of hens, feeding lactic acid bacteria microbial preparations can increase feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency, but does not affect weight gain; during the laying period, egg weight is affected by protein and microbial levels, and the use of probiotics Bacteria can increase eggshell thickness.
3.1.1.3 Application of probiotics in aquaculture
Probiotics play a vital role in sustainable aquaculture. They can significantly increase the feed utilization rate of aquatic animals, improve their digestion and absorption functions, and can also enhance their immunity by stimulating the immune system of aquatic animals and protecting them against The effect of maintaining the health of aquatic animals is obvious. In addition, probiotics can also reduce the content of pollutants in the water and significantly improve the quality of breeding water. It can be seen from a large number of studies that although basic research on probiotics in sustainable aquaculture is increasingly extensive, there are still deficiencies in the selection of water-borne probiotics, the improvement of related probiotic properties, and their promotion and application. Therefore, the sustainable development of aquaculture is promoted based on enhancing the probiotic properties related to probiotics.
3.2 Application of probiotics in the planting industry
The safe production of agricultural products in my country mainly faces three challenges. First, the long-term excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides not only leads to soil nutrient imbalance, soil fertility, and organic matter decline, making soil and water environmental pollution problems increasingly prominent, but the residues of a large number of toxic and harmful substances also bring serious safety hazards, affecting agricultural products and Environmental safety is threatened. The second is the abuse of antibiotics in industrialized farming. The "China Antibiotic List" produced by the Ying Guangguo research group of the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences shows that most of the antibiotics taken by humans and farmed animals are excreted in their original form, enter the water environment, and then enter the human body through aquatic products and other foods. At the same time, eating livestock and poultry food containing antibiotic residues is also the main channel for antibiotics to enter the human body. Third, agricultural non-point source pollution is serious. Our country's rural public service facilities are very weak, which is a shortcoming in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and rural domestic sewage treatment facilities are a shortcoming in this shortcoming.
Probiotics can increase the survival rate of seedlings, enhance plant metabolism, promote photosynthesis, strengthen the protective film of leaves, resist pathogenic bacteria, promote root growth, and advance the maturity period; improve the soil microecological environment, inhibit root rot, damping-off, and establishment. Blight, prevent the occurrence of diseases such as fruit tree canker, rot, and vegetable root rot; produce antibacterial substances, inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms, produce beneficial substances, prevent and treat various fungal and bacterial diseases of crops; promote the interaction between beneficial bacteria and actinomycetes in the soil Bacteria and other bacteria coexist and multiply to form a good physical environment, increase soil fertility, and completely improve soil properties; strengthen plants, increase yields, improve quality, and reduce the number of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
4. Application of probiotics in cosmetics and skin care
Skin-resident bacteria colonize the skin surface and stimulate skin cells to produce immune systems through special components of the cell wall and the secretion of antimicrobial peptides and defensins to maintain skin health. When skin problems occur, on the one hand, it may be that the number of resident flora and probiotics is not enough, allowing harmful bacteria to take advantage of it; on the other hand, there may be wounds on the skin surface, allowing harmful bacteria to enter the skin and cause negative effects.
A key point in the entire reaction process is receptor recognition. Microorganisms use special components of the cell wall and release antimicrobial peptides and other substances as signals to transmit to the skin. Therefore, in the process of immune recognition, cell wall components and antimicrobial peptides play very important roles.
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